The Arrival of Muslims in Indian 👳 subcontinent t

1) Early  Indian Relations: 

After the conquest of Persia, the Muslims turned their attention to the east. The first naval expedition undertaken by the Arabs in this ocean was during Hazrat Umar's caliphate  in 636 A.D under the command of Osman bin Abi'Aas. During Hazrat Umar's caliphate the governor of Iraq also sent an expedition by land to Makran under Rabi Bin Ziad Haris but the local recaptured the area

The coming of the Umayyad Khalifah al Walid to Power, there opened a new chapter in the history of Islam.

2) Causes of the invasion of Sindh:

The Arabs used to visit the coast of Southern India for trade. Some muslim traders living in Cylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad. They made their journey by sea. The king of Ceylon also sent many valuable presents for Walid and Hajjaj bin Yousuf. As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, Sindi pirates looted it and took the woman and children.

Hajjaj sent a letter to Dahir requesting him to punish the culprits restore the presents and the captives. Raja Dahir refused to do anything  on the ground that the pirates were beyond his control and he was powerless to punish them.On this Hajjaj decided to invade Sindh. Two small expeditions sent by him but they failed to accomplish their goal.In 712 he sent his nephew Muhammad Bin Qasim , a young boy. Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debul, killed Raja Dahir and defeated Hindus. With the capture of Multan whole domain of Dahir fell to the Muslims.

Effects: The muslims conquest of Sindh brought peace and prosperity to the region , laws and order was restored. The sea pirates of Sindh were crushed. As a result, sea trade flourished. The port of Debal became a very busy and prosperous commercial centre. Qasim subdued the whole of what is modern Pakistan, from Karachi to Multan.

Death of Muhammad Bin Qasim:  

The new Khalifa Sulaiman was an arch enemy of Hajjaj Bin Yusuf and Muhammad Bin Qasim. Being a cousin and son in law of Hajjaj he fell a victim to his wrath. Muhammad Bin Qasim was arrested and sent to Mesopotamia where he was tortured and killed. Thus ended the bright career of the great hero who had laid the foundation of Muslim rule in the subcontinent.

Causes of Arab success:

• There were several causes which contributed to the success of the Arab in Sindh.
• The disunity among the Indians and unpopularity of Dahir greatly facilitated the Arabs conquest to Sindh,
•  The Buddhists and the Jains in Sindh had grievances against Dahir and so they did not help him in times of trouble.
• By the beginning of the 8th century, the Arabs army was well organized, disciplined, well equipped and had good techniques and they improved machinery to attack.
• The spirit of Jihad and string naval army made it possible to defeat Dahir.
• Muhammad Bin Qasim, a young man who was skilful and had best leadership qualities, the success of Arab in Sindh was largely due to his best generalship and leadership.
•  The people of the region were mentally defeated and considered themselves unable to defeat Muslims.

Policies of Muhammad Bin Qasim:

Religious policies:  Muhammad Bin Qasim interpreted interpreted his ruling in liberal manner consistently. Nearly sixty percent of Arab success in Sind was secured through Aman (peae). He permitted Brahmans to perform their ceremonies according to their values and believes. muhammad Bin Qasim placed the entire machinery of internal administration in the hands of the natives. The Jizya was collected from the non-muslims.

Economic Policies:  Many steps were taken to improve and encourage agriculture and trade. Artisans and merchants were free from molestation. Some cases among Hindus were decided according to Hindu Law by Panchayats. The civilian authorities whether they were Hindus or Muslims or Buddhist carried their traditional administrative  and collecting taxes from local people.

For the welfare of poor muslims, the Islamic state relied on the mosque and the Zakat donation, but the building of new mosque was a state project.

Causes of the Arab failure in Sindh:

Following re the factors responsible for the failure of the Arabs in Sindh .

1. Arabs entered from Sindh which was not a rich province and its rich province and its resources were limited. It was also not a good place for launching a successful invasion of India.
2. Lack of unity among muslims made them unable to push their arms to distant land. It stopped their progress. 
3. Khalifa not pay much attention to its military strength in Sindh because of lack of productivity in Sindh.
4. There was a good number of powerful independent Rajput Kingdom in Indo-Pakistan. The strong resistance of the Rajputs proved to be an important cause for the failure of muslims in Sindh.

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