Slave Dynasty established the first rule in India. It ruled 84 years on the land of India. Qutubuddin is founder of Mamluk Dynasty. After the death of Ghori, Aibek established an independent Kingdom with its headquarters at Lahore. Ater Aibek, Altamash took responsibility of of making the Delhi Sultanate strong. He ruled for 25 years. He chose his daughter Razia Sultan as his successor. His sons were unable to hold such a huge empire. She ruled for a short period of time after her and few Sultans came to throne after her. Balban is another important ruler who introduced himself a Shadow of God on earth.
Khilji Dynasty:
The first Sultan of this Dynasty was Jalaluddin khilji. He came to throne at the age of seven but was murdered and succeeded by his own nephew Alauddin Khilji. Alauddin khilji wanted to become a world conqueror and called himself the second Alexander . He conquered the kingdom of Gujrat, Malwa, and Rajasthan. After conquering the north India he sent his army under the command of Malik Kafur to conquer south india. Alauddin followed the policy of consolidation and took various measures for the prevention of rebellions. He made several reforms in the field of revenue system. He brought more land under state control and also imposed taxes to increase the revenue of the state. No merchant, farmer or dealer was allowed to sell any product at high price. He not only controls the prices but also controls the transport of goods. Traders who carried goods from one place to another place were registered and every type of facilities was provided to them in the transportation of goods.
Alauddin Khilji suppressed and crushed the Mongols. His administration based on elaborate principles and policies. He was the first Muslim who introduced the measurement of land . Many great poets like Amir Khusrau and other many saints like Shaikh Nizamuddin Aulia flourished in his reign.
Malik Kafur imprisoned his two sons before his death. Kafur was killed by a soldier and his third son Mubarak became a ruler. Mubarak imprisoned his brother in Gallor and blinded him. Khusro killed Mubarak Khilji and Ghiasuddin killed Khusro Khan. In this way the Khilji Dynasty ended.
When you love too much someone, your love kills you. When you expect too much your expectations kill you. When you give too much importance to someone even he/she does not deserve then it kill you. When you hate too much or jealous too much your negative emotions kill you. Many times we are killed by our own emotions. The strongest emotions in the world are love and anger. Eighty percent of murders in the world every year are because of anger. Sometimes our loved ones also involved in our own murder planning with us. They do it by shattering the most sensitive feelings. Every year many people commit suicide because of depression. We consult doctors on small cuts in our body but we feel shame to consult doctors when we depressed. Depression is a disease. If you are depressed it doesn't mean you are psycho. It's ok to be suffering from any disease but it is not ok when you are not treating that horrible disease. Be strong, Be thankful and be positive.
Poverty, mother of all crimes. It is defined as when a person is unable to fulfill his basic need such as food, shelter, cloth, education, and hospitalization. different factors contribute to the poverty of people such as the unequal distribution of wealth, inflation, and low income of a nation. It is a severe issue for humanity in the twenty-first century. Not only developing but also developed nations are facing this problem despite having a strong economy. Pakistan is one of those countries which is facing horrible problems like poverty.
Sultan Mahmud made 17 expeditions into India-Pakistan and conquered a number of places in the sub-continent but he did not establish his rule over them except the Punjab. He destroyed some of the temples which was part of his military programme and temples were the places of wealth accumulated. He never destroyed any temple in peacetime. Conquer to India by Ghaznavi weakened the Hindus and created a new path for muslims to invade.
During war Hindus used old methods of warfare and they were not united to fight against well-trained and organized army. The teaching of Islam made them united under the faithful leadership against the common enemy. The successors of Muhmud ruled for more than 150 years at Ghazni. Mahmud of Ghazni launched a series of seventeen invasions between 1000-1026. He was bestowed with a proud title of Idol-Breaker of Ghazni.
The throne of Ghazni was occupied by a number of weak rulers who were unable to resist the Saljuqs. The long struggle between the Ghaznavids and the Seljuks gave the chiefs of Ghour an opportunity of reviving their power. The last Ghaznavid King of the Indus valley Khusrau Malik was killed and Muhammad Ghori subdued the Indus valley in 1185.
Ghurids
Muhammad Ghuri face the opposition of the Rajputs. In Tarain, Prithviraj Chauhan and Ghuri fought a battle in which muslims were defeated. Muhammad Ghuri did not lose heart , gasthered soldiers and attacked strongly with full planning. He adopted a new strategy and tactics. The army of Rajputs were more than the army of Ghuri. They fought bravely but defeated on the hands of muslims. Prithvi Raj was captured and killed. The defeat of Rajputs in second battle of Tarain shattered the powerful image of Rajputs. Muhammad Ghuri moved to Ghazni and Muhammad Qutubuddin Aibak started to rule and conquer the states of India. With the passage of time many governors of province declared them self independent.
Ghuri wanted to establish permanent muslim rule in India. He was a great politician and farsighted statesman. He fully realized the miserable condition of India and took advantage from it. He was the first muslim ruler to conquer Delhi and established muslim rule. His successors established the first dynasty of the Delhi sultanate, the Mamluk Dynasty. He is founder of Muslim rule in India.
After the conquest of Persia, the Muslims turned their attention to the east. The first naval expedition undertaken by the Arabs in this ocean was during Hazrat Umar's caliphate in 636 A.D under the command of Osman bin Abi'Aas. During Hazrat Umar's caliphate the governor of Iraq also sent an expedition by land to Makran under Rabi Bin Ziad Haris but the local recaptured the area
The coming of the Umayyad Khalifah al Walid to Power, there opened a new chapter in the history of Islam.
2) Causes of the invasion of Sindh:
The Arabs used to visit the coast of Southern India for trade. Some muslim traders living in Cylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad. They made their journey by sea. The king of Ceylon also sent many valuable presents for Walid and Hajjaj bin Yousuf. As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, Sindi pirates looted it and took the woman and children.
Hajjaj sent a letter to Dahir requesting him to punish the culprits restore the presents and the captives. Raja Dahir refused to do anything on the ground that the pirates were beyond his control and he was powerless to punish them.On this Hajjaj decided to invade Sindh. Two small expeditions sent by him but they failed to accomplish their goal.In 712 he sent his nephew Muhammad Bin Qasim , a young boy. Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debul, killed Raja Dahir and defeated Hindus. With the capture of Multan whole domain of Dahir fell to the Muslims.
Effects: The muslims conquest of Sindh brought peace and prosperity to the region , laws and order was restored. The sea pirates of Sindh were crushed. As a result, sea trade flourished. The port of Debal became a very busy and prosperous commercial centre. Qasim subdued the whole of what is modern Pakistan, from Karachi to Multan.
Death of Muhammad Bin Qasim:
The new Khalifa Sulaiman was an arch enemy of Hajjaj Bin Yusuf and Muhammad Bin Qasim. Being a cousin and son in law of Hajjaj he fell a victim to his wrath. Muhammad Bin Qasim was arrested and sent to Mesopotamia where he was tortured and killed. Thus ended the bright career of the great hero who had laid the foundation of Muslim rule in the subcontinent.
Causes of Arab success:
There were several causes which contributed to the success of the Arab in Sindh.
The disunity among the Indians and unpopularity of Dahir greatly facilitated the Arabs conquest to Sindh,
The Buddhists and the Jains in Sindh had grievances against Dahir and so they did not help him in times of trouble.
By the beginning of the 8th century, the Arabs army was well organized, disciplined, well equipped and had good techniques and they improved machinery to attack.
The spirit of Jihad and string naval army made it possible to defeat Dahir.
Muhammad Bin Qasim, a young man who was skilful and had best leadership qualities, the success of Arab in Sindh was largely due to his best generalship and leadership.
The people of the region were mentally defeated and considered themselves unable to defeat Muslims.
Policies of Muhammad Bin Qasim:
Religious policies: Muhammad Bin Qasim interpreted interpreted his ruling in liberal manner consistently. Nearly sixty percent of Arab success in Sind was secured through Aman (peae). He permitted Brahmans to perform their ceremonies according to their values and believes. muhammad Bin Qasim placed the entire machinery of internal administration in the hands of the natives. The Jizya was collected from the non-muslims.
Economic Policies: Many steps were taken to improve and encourage agriculture and trade. Artisans and merchants were free from molestation. Some cases among Hindus were decided according to Hindu Law by Panchayats. The civilian authorities whether they were Hindus or Muslims or Buddhist carried their traditional administrative and collecting taxes from local people.
For the welfare of poor muslims, the Islamic state relied on the mosque and the Zakat donation, but the building of new mosque was a state project.
Causes of the Arab failure in Sindh:
Following re the factors responsible for the failure of the Arabs in Sindh .
Arabs entered from Sindh which was not a rich province and its rich province and its resources were limited. It was also not a good place for launching a successful invasion of India.
Lack of unity among muslims made them unable to push their arms to distant land. It stopped their progress.
Khalifa not pay much attention to its military strength in Sindh because of lack of productivity in Sindh.
There was a good number of powerful independent Rajput Kingdom in Indo-Pakistan. The strong resistance of the Rajputs proved to be an important cause for the failure of muslims in Sindh.
